Techniques for joining an opto-electronic module to a semiconductor package

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a low cost device that has a true die to external fiber optic connection. Specifically, the present invention relates to an optical device package joined to a semiconductor device package. In some cases, the combination is joined using wirebond studs and an adhesive material. In other cases, the combination is joined using an anisotropic conductive film. Yet, in other cases, the combination is joined using solder material. Each of these joining mechanisms provides high levels of thermal, electrical and optical performance. The joining mechanisms can apply to optical sub-assembly and chip sub-assembly interfaces in transceivers, transmitters, as well as receivers for opto-electronic packages.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/652,805, filed Aug. 29, 2003, which is a divisional of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/947,210, filed Sep. 4, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No.6,642,613, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/568,558, filed May 9, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,140, anda continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/713,367,filed Nov. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,518; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/947,210 claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/331,377, filed Aug. 3, 2001.

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/922,358, filed Aug. 3, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,507, and to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/412,564, filed Apr. 11, 2003.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/922,358, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/568,558, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/713,367, andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/652,805 are hereby incorporated byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to semiconductor packages, and moreparticularly, to a semiconductor package assembly that provides a truedie to external fiber optic cable connection.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Most computer and communication networks today rely on copper wiring totransmit data between nodes in the network. Since the data transmittedover the copper wire and the data processed within the nodes are bothrepresented in the form of electrical signals, the transfer of data atthe node-copper wire interface is straight forward. Other than perhaps alevel shift and signal amplification, no other signal processing isrequired for data transmitted over the copper wire to be decoded by thenode. The drawback with using copper wire is its relatively lowbandwidth. Copper's ability to transmit data is significantly limitedcompared to other mediums, such as fiber optics. Accordingly much of thecomputer and communication networks being built today, including theInternet, are using fiber optic cabling instead of copper wire.

With fiber optic cabling, data is transmitted using light signals, notelectrical signals. For example, a logical one may be represented by alight pulse of a specific duration and a logical zero may be representedby the absence of a light pulse for the same duration. In addition, itis also possible to transmit at the same time multiple colors of lightover a single strand of optic fiber, with each color of lightrepresenting a distinct data stream. Since light is attenuated less infiber than electrons traveling through copper, and multiple data streamscan be transmitted at one time, the bandwidth of optic fiber issignificantly greater than copper.

While fiber optic cabling is very efficient for transferring data, theuse of light signals to process data is still very difficult. Data istypically transferred and stored in various locations before, during andafter it is operated on in a computer. There still is no efficient wayto “store” light signals representative of data. Networks will thereforelikely continue using fiber optics for transmitting data between nodesand silicon chips to process the data within the nodes for theforeseeable future. The interface between the fiber optic cable and thenodes that process the data is therefore problematic because signalsneed to be converted between the electrical and the light domains.

Fiber optic transceivers, which convert light signals from a fiber opticcable into electrical signals, and vice versa, are used as the interfacebetween a fiber optic line and a computer node. A typical transceiverincludes a substrate, grooves etched in the substrate to receive theindividual fiber optic strands, one or more semiconductor devicesmounted on the substrate, one or more discrete optical detectors forconverting light signals received over the fiber optic cables intoelectrical signals, one or more discrete optical emitters for convertingelectrical signals from the semiconductor devices into light signals. Anumber of fiber optic transceivers are commercially available fromHewlett Packard, AMP, Sumitomo, Nortel and Siemens. The problem with allof these fiber optic transceivers is that they are expensive anddifficult to fabricate. With each transceiver, the semiconductordevices, emitters, and optical detectors have to be individually mountedonto the substrate, which is a costly and time consuming process. Thislimits the applications in which optical interconnects could besubstituted for traditional copper usage. Furthermore the use ofdiscrete emitters and optical detectors adversely affects theperformance of the transceiver because electrical parasitics betweendiscrete components are sources of electrical attenuation of inter-chipsignals at Gigabit per second speeds that are generally used with suchtransceivers, more power is consumed for driving these traces than wouldnot be needed for an integrated device. The form factor of the on-boardoptical transceiver is relatively large and therefore does notfacilitate inter-board and chip-to-chip optical interconnectability.

A low cost semiconductor device that provides a true die to externalfiber optic connection is therefore needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a low cost device that has a true die toexternal fiber optic connection. Specifically, the present inventionrelates to an optical device package joined to a semiconductor devicepackage. In some cases, the combination is joined using wirebond studsand an adhesive material. In other cases, the combination is joinedusing an anisotropic conductive film. Yet, in other cases, thecombination is joined using solder material. Each of these joiningmechanisms provides high levels of thermal, electrical and opticalperformance. The joining mechanisms can apply to optical sub-assemblyand chip sub-assembly interfaces in transceivers, transmitters, as wellas receivers for opto-electronic packages.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a device that includesan optical device package having a wirebond stud formed on an electricalcontact surface located on a bottom surface of the optical devicepackage, wherein an adhesive material is applied to the wire bond stud.The device also includes a semiconductor device package placed on thebottom surface of the optical device package such that an electricalcontact surface on the semiconductor device package makes contact withthe wirebond stud and the adhesive material applied to the wirebondstud, wherein the adhesive material is cured such that the opticaldevice package is firmly attached to the semiconductor device package.

In another aspect of the present invention, a device includes asemiconductor device package having an anisotropic conductive filmapplied to a top surface of the semiconductor device package. Theanisotropic conductive film contains conductive particles whereas thetop surface of the semiconductor device package contains an electricalcontact surface. The device also includes an optical device packagehaving a wirebond stud on an electrical contact surface located on abottom surface of the optical device package, wherein the bottom surfaceof the optical device package is placed onto the top surface of thesemiconductor device package such that the electrical contact surface ofthe semiconductor device package is aligned with the wirebond stud.Pressure and heat are applied to the optical and the semiconductordevice packages such that the wirebond stud sinks into the anisotropicconductive film and compresses the conductive particles together, thecompressed conductive particles forming an electrically conductivepathway between the wirebond stud and the electrical contact surface onthe semiconductor device package.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will bepresented in more detail in the following specification of the inventionand the accompanying figures, which illustrate by way of example theprinciples of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention, together with further advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram representing the operations forjoining an optical device package to a semiconductor device packageaccording to one implementation of the present invention.

FIG. 2A illustrates a side plan view of a portion of a chip subassemblyhaving wirebond studs formed on its top surface.

FIG. 2B illustrates a side plan view of CSA having screen-printedadhesive material covering the wirebond studs.

FIG. 2C illustrates a side plan view of CSA having dispensed adhesivematerial covering the wirebond studs.

FIG. 2D illustrates a side plan view of an OSA placed on top of CSA suchthat the electrical contact surfaces of the OSA are aligned with thewirebond studs.

FIG. 2E illustrates a side plan view of an OSA joined to a CSA whereunderfill material fills the gaps between the wirebond studs thatconnect the two subassemblies.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram representing the operations forjoining an optical subassembly to a chip subassembly by using ananisotropic conductive film according to one implementation of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4A illustrates a hard particle for use in an anisotropic conductivefilm that has a hard nickel core and a gold outer layer.

FIG. 4B illustrates a relatively soft particle for use in an anisotropicconductive film that is made of a soft polymer core and a gold outerlayer.

FIG. 5A illustrates a side plan view of an OSA having an applied ACF anda CSA having wirebond studs.

FIG. 5B illustrates a side plan view of the OSA and the CSA of FIG. 5Aafter they have been placed together.

FIG. 6A illustrates a side plan view of an OSA having wirebond studs anda CSA having an applied ACF.

FIG. 6B illustrates a side plan view of the OSA and the CSA of FIG. 6Aafter they have been placed together.

FIG. 7A illustrates a side plan view of an OSA having contact pads thatwill be placed onto CSA having a layer of ACF.

FIG. 7B illustrates a side plan view of the OSA and the CSA in FIG. 7Aafter they have been joined to each other.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram that represents the technique forattaching an OSA to a CSA by using solder material according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9A illustrates a side plan cross-sectional view of a CSA havingsolder balls formed on the electrical conduits of the CSA.

FIG. 9B illustrates a side plan cross-sectional view of an OSA placed ontop of the solder balls of the CSA.

FIG. 9C illustrates a side plan view of the OSA and the CSA of FIG. 9Bafter underfill material has been injected into the interface betweenthe two subassemblies.

FIG. 10A is a top plan view of a conventional lead frame strip suitablefor use in forming leadless leadframe packages.

FIG. 10B is an enlarged top plan view of one end of the lead frame stripof FIG. 10A, illustrating one array of device areas.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of a conventional leadlessleadframe package.

FIG. 12A illustrates a side plan view of a portion of an OSA havingwirebond studs formed on its bottom surface.

FIG. 12B illustrates a side plan view of an OSA having adhesive materialcovering the wirebond studs.

FIG. 12C illustrates a side plan view of an OSA having dispensedadhesive material covering the wirebond studs.

FIG. 12D illustrates a side plan view of a CSA placed on bottom of anOSA such that the electrical contact surfaces of the CSA are alignedwith the wirebond studs.

FIG. 12E illustrates a side plan view of a CSA joined to an OSA whereunderfill material fills the gaps between the wirebond studs thatconnect the two subassemblies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described in detail with reference toa few preferred embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. In the following description, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the presentinvention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, thatthe present invention may be practiced without some or all of thesespecific details. In other instances, well known operations have notbeen described in detail so not to unnecessarily obscure the presentinvention.

The present invention relates to several techniques for joining anoptical device package to a semiconductor device package. The firsttechnique involves using wirebond studs and an adhesive material, thesecond technique involves the use of an anisotropic conductive film, andthe third technique involves the use of solder material. Each of thesetechniques provides high levels of thermal, electrical and opticalperformance. Although these techniques are preferably used to joinoptical and semiconductor packages, these same techniques can be used tojoin other combinations of packages. For instance, these techniques canalso be used to join two semiconductor packages.

The techniques of the present invention are preferably implementedtogether with optical device packages that have electrical contacts on abottom surface and semiconductor device packages that have electricalcontacts on a top surface. The optical and semiconductor device packagesare then joined together by connecting their respective electricalcontacts. When combining optical and semiconductor devices into a singledevice, the optical device packages and semiconductor device packagesare commonly referred to as optical subassemblies (OSA) and chipsubassemblies (CSA), respectively. As such, the terms OSA and CSA willbe used throughout this specification. Each of these techniques will nowbe described.

FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram 100 representing the operations forjoining an optical device package to a semiconductor device packageaccording to one implementation of the present invention. To facilitatethe description of the wirebond stud technique, FIGS. 2A-2E will bereferenced throughout the description of FIG. 1. FIGS. 2A-2E illustrateside plan views of a CSA 200 being joined to an OSA 202 according to theoperations of FIG. 1.

The process of attaching an OSA to a CSA using wirebond studs starts atblock 102 where wirebond studs are formed on the electrical contactslocated on the top surface of a CSA. FIG. 2A illustrates a side planview of a portion of a CSA 200 having wirebond studs 204 formed on itstop surface. CSA 200 includes a semiconductor die 206 that is attachedto a die attach pad 208, solder balls 210 that form the electricalcontacts for the CSA 200, and a plastic molding material 212. Theplastic molding material encapsulates these components except forleaving an exposed area of the solder ball 210 so that an externalelectrical connection can be made. The wirebond studs 204 are formed onthe exposed area of the solder balls 210. The method for formingwirebond studs, as is commonly known, is performed by using wirebondingtechniques of forming a ball bond, extruding a short length of wire,then cutting the wire. Typically, the wire is gold and the wires canhave diameters in the range of 0.6 to 1.2 mils. Other materials anddiameters are feasible depending upon the specific design requirements,for example, the dimensions of the exposed area of the solder balls 210.Typically, the diameter of the ball bonded portion of the wirebond studis 2-2.5 times larger than the diameter of the wire portion.

It is important that a leveling step be included right after goldwirebond stud formation. This step involves flattening the wirebondstuds to a desired height by pushing these studs against a smooth,level, and hard surface. By careful force and position control, acontrolled amount of leveling can be achieved to provide a desiredstandoff (height) to the wirebond studs. This step ensures that the gapbetween the OSA and CSA stays within a repeatable and well-controlleddistance for best alignment and mechanical coupling.

It is preferable to form the wirebond studs on the CSA's rather than theOSA's because the CSA's are typically aligned in a matrix of columns androws during manufacturing processes. Therefore, it is more efficient toform the wirebond studs using automated processes while the CSA's are inthe matrix during these manufacturing processes. However, in alternativeembodiments of the invention, it is possible to form the wirebond studson the OSA rather than the CSA (e.g., FIG. 12A-12E).

After the wirebond studs 204 are formed, an adhesive material is appliedover top of the wirebond studs 204. Adhesive material can be applied tothe wirebond studs 204 in alternative methods. One method is representedin block 104 and 106 where a stencil is placed over top of the CSA andthen the adhesive material is screen printed onto the CSA through thestencil. FIG. 2B illustrates a side plan view of CSA 200 havingscreen-printed adhesive material 214 covering the wirebond studs 204.

An alternative method is represented in block 108 where an adhesivematerial is dispensed over the wirebond studs 204. A pressurizedvolumetric dispenser can be used to dispense the desired amounts ofadhesive over the wirebond studs 204. FIG. 2C illustrates a side planview of CSA 200 having dispensed adhesive material 216 covering thewirebond studs 204.

The adhesive material can be epoxy, conductive solder, or an appropriateglue material. In the case that the wirebond studs 204 were formed on anOSA rather than the CSA, then it follows that the adhesive materialwould be placed on the OSA to cover the wirebond studs (e.g., FIGS. 12B& 12C).

In block 110, the OSA is placed on top of the CSA such that theelectrical contacts on the bottom surface of the OSA are aligned withthe wirebond studs formed on the CSA. The operation of block 110 isillustrated in FIG. 2D. FIG. 2D illustrates a side plan view of an OSAplaced on top of CSA 200 such that the electrical contact surfaces ofthe OSA are aligned with the wirebond studs 204. The OSA in FIG. 2Dshows that the OSA has a body 202, an emitter 250 and an opticaldetector (not shown), and optical fibers 254. The body 202 can be formedof plastic, ceramic or any other material that is light in weight andsuitable for supporting emitters and receivers. The transmiter 250 andthe detector are commonly known devices used to send and receive lightsignals that pass through the fibers 254. The emitter 250 and thedetector are each electrically connected to a flexible circuitry tape256, which is a flexible tape with embedded circuitry traces. Theflexible circuitry tape 256 wraps around the side and the bottom surfaceof the OSA body 202 so that the emitter 250 and the detector 252 can beconnected to the die 206. The circuit traces on the tape 256 areconnected to the solder balls 210 through the wirebond studs 204.

The operation of placing the OSA on top of the CSA can be an automatedprocess such that multiple numbers of OSA are placed on respective CSAthat are aligned in a matrix array. The height of the wirebond studs canbe varied to provide a desired standoff distance between the CSA and theOSA.

In block 112 the OSA and CSA combination is put through a curing processto cure the adhesive material. For improved accuracy of placing the OSAonto the CSA, snap curing is preferable. Without snap curing, there isthe possibility that the OSA structure may move during curing due to thelowering of the glue viscosity prior to the onset of cure. Such motionwill defeat the pick and place accuracy obtained prior to cure andrequired for best mechanical coupling and alignment.

In block 114, underfill material is injected into the interface betweenthe OSA and the CSA. The underfill material serves to increase thestrength of the bond between the two components and can increase heatdissipation performance. The underfill material is preferably alow-stress epoxy, for example, Dexter FP4549 or Namics 8437-2. FIG. 2Eillustrates a side plan view of an OSA 202 joined to a CSA 200 whereunderfill material 218 fills the gaps between the wirebond studs 204that connect the two subassemblies. Injection of the underfill material218 is an optional operation, without which, a sufficiently strongconnection between the OSA 202 and the CSA 200 can still be formed.

In block 116, the OSA and CSA combination is put through a curingprocess to cure the underfill material 218. At this point, the wiredbondstud technique for joining the OSA to the CSA is completed.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram 300 representing the operations forjoining an OSA to a CSA by using an anisotropic conductive filmaccording to one implementation of the present invention. FIGS. 4A-7Bwill be referenced and described during the explanation of FIG. 3 tofacilitate the description of FIG. 3. Anisotropic conductive film (ACF)is a polymer-based film loosely filled with conductive particles. Thefilm becomes conductive only when pressure is applied to force contactbetween these particles. These particles can vary in hardness and areselected to fill a film based upon the construction of theinterconnection interface between the OSA and the CSA. FIGS. 4A and 4Billustrate two types of particles. FIG. 4A illustrates a hard particle400 for use in an anisotropic conductive film that has a hard nickelsolid core 402 and a gold outer layer 404. The hard particle 400 isintended to break through the oxide layer that typically forms on thesurface of aluminum contact pads so that a good electrical contact canbe formed. FIG. 4B illustrates a relatively soft particle 406 for use inan anisotropic conductive film that is made of a soft polymer shell 408and a gold outer layer 410. The relatively softer particle 406 isdesigned so that the polymer core collapses upon application of force,which allows for a smaller standoff gap between an OSA and a CSA. TheACF can contain only one type of conductive particle or it can contain amixture of the two mentioned types of particles depending upon designparameters.

The technique of flow diagram 300 starts with block 302 where wirebondstuds are formed on either the CSA or the OSA. In block 304, an ACF isplaced on an OSA if the wirebond studs were formed on a CSA, and an ACFis placed on a CSA if the wirebond studs were formed on an OSA. Theprocess decision of placing the wirebond studs on the CSA or the OSA andthe ACF on the respective OSA or CSA for attachment depends upon factorssuch as the assembly equipment parameters. For example, the pick andplace mechanisms, the film handling mechanisms, the thermodeconfiguration, etc., all can effect the decision. The chronologicalorder of applying ACF and the application of wire ball studs is notimportant. These operations can be performed simultaneously. FIG. 5Aillustrates a side plan view of an OSA 202 having an applied ACF 500 anda CSA 200 having wirebond studs 204. On the other hand, FIG. 6Aillustrates a side plan view of an OSA 202 having wirebond studs 204 anda CSA 200 having an applied ACF 500.

In block 306, the OSA and the CSA are placed together such that thewirebond studs 204 sink into the ACF 500.

In block 308, pressure and heat are applied to the OSA and CSAcombination so that the wirebond studs 204 make contact with and applypressure to the loose particles 502 within the ACF 500 so that theparticles 502 make contact with each other. As a result, the particles502 and the wirebond studs 204 provide an electrically conductive pathbetween the electrical contact surfaces of the OSA 202 and the CSA 200.FIG. 5B illustrates a side plan view of the OSA 202 and the CSA 200 ofFIG. 5A after they have been placed together. Similarly, FIG. 6Billustrates a side plan view of the OSA 202 and the CSA 200 of FIG. 6Aafter they have been placed together. It is noted that since no gapsexist between the joined OSA and CSA, underfill is not required. The ACFcan provide equivalent bonding support and heat dissipation qualitiesthat underfill material provides. It is also noted that adhesivematerial does not need to be specifically applied to the wirebond studssince the ACF provides the adhering properties. After block 308 aseparate curing process can be performed to cure the ACF material 500.At this point the combination of the OSA and the CSA is completed. Dueto the arrangement in which CSA's are aligned in a matrix array duringmanufacturing processes, it is preferable to apply the ACF to CSA ratherthan the OSA.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate an alternative technique for use with ACF.FIG. 7A illustrates a side plan view of an OSA 202 having contact pads700, rather than wirebond studs, that will be placed onto a CSA 200having a layer of ACF 500. FIG. 7B illustrates a side plan view of theOSA 202 and the CSA 200 in FIG. 7A after they have been joined to eachother. Heat and pressure are applied to the OSA and CSA combination tocomplete the joining technique. In alternative embodiments, the plates700 can be attached to the CSA 200 and the ACF attached to the OSA 202.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram 800 that represents the technique forattaching an OSA to a CSA by using solder material according to oneembodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 9A-9C will be referenced anddescribed throughout the description of FIG. 8 to facilitate thedescription of the solder attachment technique.

The solder technique of flow diagram 800 starts with block 802 wheresolder ball formations are applied to the electrical contact surfaces onthe top of the CSA. Solder material can be applied to the CSA in variousmanners. First, solder wire material can be attached to the CSA throughwire bonding technique where a solder wirebond stud is formed. Thesolder wirebond stud is then reflowed to form a solder ball formation.Secondly, solder paste can be screen printed directly onto the surfaceof the electrical contact surfaces of the CSA. The thickness of thesolder material depends upon the thickness of the stencil and the sizeof the apertures within the stencil. Typically, stencils vary inthickness from 3 mils (minimum) and upward to 15 mils.

Another method is to dispense solder balls onto the electrical contactsurfaces using a pressure-driven volumetric dispenser. Solder balls canalso be placed on the CSA through the openings of a mesh placed on topof the CSA. Yet another method of applying solder balls onto theelectrical contacts of a CSA is to place pre-formed solder balls ontothe CSA. The size of the solder balls affects the standoff heightbetween the CSA and the OSA. The solder balls have an initial heightbefore the attachment of the OSA to the CSA and then they collapse to ashorter height after attachment.

FIG. 9A illustrates a side plan cross-sectional view of a CSA 900 havingsolder balls 902 formed on the electrical conduits 904 of the CSA 900.The CSA 900 is a leadless leadframe package, which includes a die attachpad 906, which supports a semiconductor die 908. On top of the die 908are the electrical conduits 904, which can also be formed of soldermaterial. Electrical contacts 912 are wirebonded to the die 908 andallow for the connection of the CSA 900 to an external device. The dieattach pad 906, the die 908, the electrical contacts 912, and theelectrical conduits 904 are packaged within a plastic molding material910.

In block 804, the solder material applied to the CSA in block 902 isreflowed to form the solder ball interface. In block 806, flux isapplied to the solder balls. As is commonly known, flux is applied tothe surface of the solder balls to facilitate the flowing of the soldermaterial and to prevent the formation of oxides.

In block 808, an OSA 914 is placed on top of the solder balls 902 suchthat pads and electrical traces on the OSA that connect to the laseremitter 916 and the optical detector (not shown) of the OSA areconnected to the electrical conduits 904 of the CSA 900 through solderballs 902. FIG. 9B illustrates a side plan cross-sectional view of anOSA 914 placed on top of the solder balls 902 of the CSA 900. The solderballs 902 make contact with pads and electrical traces connected to thelaser emitter 916 and the optical detector of the OSA 914.

In block 810, the OSA and CSA combination undergoes a reflowing processto join the solder balls to the contacts on the OSA and the CSA,respectively. In block 812, underfill material is injected into theinterface between the OSA 914 and the CSA 900. The underfill 900, asdescribed before, increases the strength of the bond between the OSA andthe CSA and facilitates heat dissipation. In block 814, the joined CSAand OSA undergo a curing process to secure the bond between the twosubassemblies.

In one embodiment of the technique of using solder material to join aCSA and an OSA, the solder balls 904 in the CSA 900 are high lead(95Pb/5Sn) solder balls. The solder balls 902 used to connect the OSAand the CSA are (63Pb/37Sn) solder balls and can have diameters ofapproximately 5-10 mils. Actually, any high lead composition orlead-free compositions, for example, SnAgCu, SnAg, or SnCu, can be usedin the CSA 900. The requirement for the solder balls 904 in the CSA 900is that they need to withstand the typical molding temperatures (170-180degrees Celsius) without deformation. Solder balls 902 forming theinterface between the CSA and the OSA can be eutectic SnPb or any soldercomposition with melting temperature within a range of 170-190 degreesCelcius. These requirements ensure that subsequent assembly steps do notthermally affect previous operations.

From a manufacturing standpoint, the solder method described in FIG. 8is preferable over the wirebond stud and the ACF techniques of FIGS. 1and 3, respectively. One reason is that the OSA centers itself upon thesolder balls during reflow due to the surface tension effects of thesolder balls. As a result, the process of placing the OSA on top of theCSA does not need to be as accurate as for the wirebond stud and ACFtechniques.

A specific type of CSA is a leadless leadframe package (LLP). An LLPcontemplates the use of a metal (typically copper) substrate in theformation of a chip scale package (CSP). As illustrated in FIGS. 10A and10B, in typical leadless leadframe packages, a copper leadframe strip orpanel 10 is patterned to define a plurality of arrays or matrixes 11 ofsemiconductor device areas 12. Each device area 12 includes a die attachpad 13 and a plurality of contacts 15 disposed about their associateddie attach pad 13. Very fine tie bars 16 are used to support the dieattach pads 13 and contacts 15.

FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a typical resultingleadless leadframe package 14. The die attach pad 13 supports a die 17which is electrically connected to its associated contacts 15 by bondingwires 18. A molded cap 20 encapsulates the die 17 and bonding wires 18,and fills the gaps between the die attach pad 13 and the contacts 15thereby serving to hold the contacts 15 in place. It should beappreciated that during singulation of the individual packages 14, thetie bars 16 are cut and therefore the only materials holding thecontacts 15 in place is the molding material. The resulting packagedchip can then be surface mounted on a printed circuit board or othersubstrate using conventional techniques.

The techniques of this present invention can be implemented for variousCSA form factors that have exposed electrical contact surfaces locatedon a portion of the CSA's packaging surface. Such form factors mayinclude SOP, QFP, DIP, BGA, etc.

While this invention has been described in terms of several preferredembodiments, there are alteration, permutations, and equivalents, whichfall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted thatthere are many alternative ways of implementing the methods andapparatuses of the present invention. It is therefore intended that thefollowing appended claims be interpreted as including all suchalterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the truespirit and scope of the present invention.

1. A device, comprising: an optical device package having a wirebondstud formed on an electrical contact surface located on a bottom surfaceof the optical device package, wherein an adhesive material is appliedto the wire bond stud; and a semiconductor device package placed on thebottom surface of the optical device package such that an electricalcontact surface on the semiconductor device package makes contact withthe wirebond stud and the adhesive material applied to the wirebondstud, wherein the adhesive material is cured whereby the optical devicepackage is firmly attached to the semiconductor device package.
 2. Thedevice as recited in claim 1, wherein the wirebond stud separates andcreates a standoff gap between the optical device package and thesemiconductor device package, the device further comprising: underfillmaterial filling the standoff gap, wherein the underfill material iscured.
 3. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein the adhesivematerial is material selected from the group consisting of epoxy andsolder.
 4. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein the adhesivematerial comprises a desired amount of adhesive material that can bedispensed using a pressurized-volumetric dispenser.
 5. The device asrecited in claim 1, wherein the adhesive material can be screen printedonto the bottom surface of the optical device package through a stencilplaced over the bottom surface of the optical device package.
 6. Thedevice as recited in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor device packageis a leadless leadframe package.
 7. The device as recited in claim 6,wherein the leadless leadframe package comprises a top surface, a bottomsurface opposite the top surface, a peripheral surface adjacent to thetop and bottom surfaces, a die embedded within the leadless leadframepackage, a plurality of solder balls positioned on top of the die wherean area of at least one of the solder balls is exposed on the topsurface of the leadframe package, and a plurality of electrical contactsthat are exposed along the peripheral surface and substantiallyco-planar with the bottom surface of the leadless leadframe package. 8.The device as recited in claim 1, wherein the electrical contact surfaceon the optical device package is part of a flexible tape material havingembedded circuit traces, the embedded circuit traces having a first endconnected to an optical device component and a second end that forms theelectrical contact surface of the optical device package.
 9. The deviceas recited in claim 8, wherein the flexible circuit tape is adhered to aside and a bottom surface of the optical device package.
 10. The deviceas recited in claim 1, wherein the optical device package is atransmitter.
 11. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein the opticaldevice package is a receiver.
 12. The device as recited in claim 1,wherein the wirebond stud is leveled to a desired height by pushing thewirebond stud against a leveled surface.
 13. The device as recited inclaim 1, wherein the optical device package comprises a body with asupporting side surface and a photonic device attached to the supportingside surface, wherein the photonic device is electrically connected tothe electrical contact surface on the optical device package.
 14. Adevice, comprising: a semiconductor device package having an anisotropicconductive film applied to a top surface of the semiconductor devicepackage, the anisotropic conductive film containing conductiveparticles, the top surface of the semiconductor device packagecontaining an electrical contact surface; and an optical device packagehaving a wirebond stud on an electrical contact surface located on abottom surface of the optical device package, wherein the bottom surfaceof the optical device package is placed onto the top surface of thesemiconductor device package such that the electrical contact surface ofthe semiconductor device package is aligned with the wirebond stud,wherein pressure and heat are applied to the optical and thesemiconductor device packages such that the wirebond stud sinks into theanisotropic conductive film and compresses the conductive particlestogether, the compressed conductive particles forming an electricallyconductive pathway between the wirebond stud and the electrical contactsurface on the semiconductor device package.
 15. The device as recitedin claim 14, wherein the conductive particles have a nickel core and agold outer layer.
 16. The device as recited in claim 14, wherein theconductive particles have a polymer core and a gold outer layer.
 17. Thedevice as recited in claim 14, wherein the electrical contact surface onthe optical device package is part of a flexible tape material havingembedded circuit traces, the embedded circuit traces having a first endconnected to an optical device component and a second end that forms theelectrical contact surface of the optical device package
 18. The deviceas recited in claim 17, wherein the flexible circuit tape is adhered toa side and a bottom surface of the optical device package.
 19. Thedevice as recited in claim 14, wherein the semiconductor device packageis a leadless leadframe package.
 20. The device as recited in claim 19,wherein the leadless leadframe package comprises a top surface, a bottomsurface opposite the top surface, a peripheral surface adjacent to thetop and bottom surfaces, a die embedded within the leadless leadframepackage, a plurality of solder balls positioned on top of the die wherean area of at least one of the solder balls is exposed on the topsurface of the leadframe package, and a plurality of electrical contactsthat are exposed along the peripheral surface and substantiallyco-planar with the bottom surface of the leadless leadframe package. 21.The device as recited in claim 14, wherein the wirebond stud is leveledto a desired height by pushing the wirebond stud against a leveledsurface.
 22. The device as recited in claim 14, wherein the opticaldevice package comprises a body with a supporting side surface and aphotonic device attached to the supporting side surface, wherein thephotonic device is electrically connected to the electrical contactsurface on the optical device package.